Glioblastoma (GBM) remains lethal despite multimodal therapy, with median survival under 15 months. Immunotherapy has failed in over 100 clinical trials due to three fundamental barriers: inadequate immune priming in "cold" tumors, blood–brain barrier (BBB) exclusion of therapeutics, and profound local immunosuppression.
computational-biology immunotherapy glioblastoma personalized-medicine brain-tumor preclinical-research vaccine-design cancer-immunotherapy blood-brain-barrier neoantigens focused-ultrasound mrna-vaccine cancer-vaccine translational-medicine checkpoint-inhibitors lipid-nanoparticles
-
Updated
Dec 23, 2025 - TeX