I haven't found one central place online with information on how to do this, so I'm adding it here for my own future use and for anyone else who needs help.
Follow the directions here.
If you don't want to read it, just type
wsl --install
in Windows Powershell and everything should work.
I didn't need to restart my computer after doing this, but you might (according to the website) so do what you gotta do.
Now you can use pwd, ls, cd, and all of your favorite other Linux navigation/use commands in Windows Powershell.
A simple thing to do is to follow the instructions here.
The download is found here, and setup is relatively simple.
During the setup, one option you'll want to look out for is called Configuring the terminal emulator to use with Git Bash. Personally, I would rather use Windows' default console window over MinTTY, but it's up to your preference.
For everything else in the setup, I chose to leave them as the default options. If you want to be more careful, you can read through them, but I'm just telling you what I did.
I'll commit this README.md file using Windows Powershell just to triple check that things work.