Update Dockerfile to use Rust 1.83

[berezovskyi]

Bump Rust version due to

4.718 error: rustc 1.80.1 is not supported by the following package:                                                                                                                         
4.718   wastebin@2.5.0 requires rustc 1.83     

[berezovskyi]

In my local Dockerfile, I actually switched to rust:1 instead to always use the latest 1.x version. Potentially, using rust:1-alpine in the future would remove the need to have additional MUSL related steps.

[matze]

Thanks! I am not super sure about not pinning precisely, so … maybe.