Official Repository of Fleet of Agents

This is the official implementation of Fleet of Agents: Coordinated Problem Solving with Large Language Models

In this paper, we introduce Fleet of Agents (FoA), a novel and intuitive yet principled framework utilizing LLMs as agents to navigate through dynamic tree searches, employing a genetic-type particle filtering approach. FoA spawns a multitude of agents, each exploring the search space autonomously, followed by a selection phase where resampling based on a heuristic value function optimizes the balance between exploration and exploitation. This mechanism enables dynamic branching, adapting the exploration strategy based on discovered solutions.

Setup

1. Set up a conda environment. TogetherAI or Groq API keys should be set as well if you'd like to test open-source models.

conda create -n foa python=3.12.3
pip install -r requirements.txt
conda env config vars set OPENAI_API_KEY=<...>
conda env config vars set GROQ_API_KEY=<...> # (OPTIONAL)
conda env config vars set TOGETHER_API_KEY=<...> # (OPTIONAL)

2. Please set up your WebShop environment following the instructions of its original repository: WebShop. In case the WebShop URL needs to be updated, you can do so in our utils.py file (line 122).

Paper Results

To replicate the results reported in our paper (Section 4. Experiments) Feel free to execute any of the following scripts.

sh run/gameof24.sh
sh run/crosswords.sh
sh run/webshop.sh

Additional Experiments

To perform additional experiments, such as the ablation studies presented within the paper, feel free to add any of the following arguments to the scripts presented above.

• --caching 0: Removes the caching mechanism.
• --batching 0: Removes the batching mechanism.
• --repeats X: Repeats the experiment X times.

To change the configurations of FoA you can use the following.

• --num_agents X: Sets the number of agents deployed.
• --num_steps X: Sets the max number of steps each agent is allowed to take.
• --backtrack X: Sets the discount factor $X \in [0, 1]$.
• k X : Sets the resampling frequency.
• --resampling Y: Sets the resampling strategy. Current iteration supports linear, linear_filtered, max, max_unique and percentile.

Citations

Your support would be greatly appreciated if you find FoA interesting or useful. Please acknowledge our work by citing the paper and giving this repository a star. Feel free to open an issue if you have any questions.

@inproceedings{
klein2025fleet,
title={Fleet of Agents: Coordinated Problem Solving with Large Language Models},
author={Lars Henning Klein and Nearchos Potamitis and Roland Aydin and Robert West and Caglar Gulcehre and Akhil Arora},
booktitle={Forty-second International Conference on Machine Learning},
year={2025},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=yNpYb376zf}
}