feat: Extended electrical components for analog circuit simulation

src/Electrical/Analog/controlled_sources.jl

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+# Controlled Sources: VCVS, VCCS, CCVS, CCCS
+# SPICE-equivalent controlled source elements for circuit analysis
+
+"""
+    VCVS(; name, G = 1.0)
+
+Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (SPICE E-element).
+
+A four-terminal device where the output voltage is proportional to the input voltage.
+The input port has infinite impedance (no current flows into the sensing terminals).
+
+# Parameters
+- `G`: [V/V] Voltage gain (default: 1.0). Can be negative for inverting behavior.
+
+# Connectors
+- `p1` Positive input (sensing) terminal
+- `n1` Negative input (sensing) terminal
+- `p2` Positive output terminal
+- `n2` Negative output terminal
+
+# Equations
+```
+v2 = G × v1
+i1 = 0  (infinite input impedance)
+```
+
+# Example
+```julia
+@named vcvs = VCVS(G = 10.0)  # Voltage amplifier with gain 10
+```
+"""
+@component function VCVS(; name, G = 1.0)
+    @named twoport = TwoPort()
+    @unpack v1, v2, i1, i2 = twoport
+
+    pars = @parameters begin
+        G = G, [description = "Voltage gain [V/V]"]
+    end
+
+    eqs = Equation[
+        v2 ~ G * v1,
+        i1 ~ 0,
+    ]
+
+    sys = System(eqs, t, [], pars; name, systems = [])
+    return extend(sys, twoport)
+end
+
+"""
+    VCCS(; name, Gm = 0.001)
+
+Voltage Controlled Current Source (SPICE G-element).
+
+A four-terminal device where the output current is proportional to the input voltage.
+The input port has infinite impedance (no current flows into the sensing terminals).
+
+# Parameters
+- `Gm`: [A/V or S] Transconductance (default: 0.001 S = 1 mS)
+
+# Connectors
+- `p1` Positive input (sensing) terminal
+- `n1` Negative input (sensing) terminal
+- `p2` Positive output terminal
+- `n2` Negative output terminal
+
+# Equations
+```
+i2 = Gm × v1
+i1 = 0  (infinite input impedance)
+```
+
+# Example
+```julia
+@named vccs = VCCS(Gm = 0.01)  # Transconductance amplifier with Gm = 10 mS
+```
+"""
+@component function VCCS(; name, Gm = 0.001)
+    @named twoport = TwoPort()
+    @unpack v1, v2, i1, i2 = twoport
+
+    pars = @parameters begin
+        Gm = Gm, [description = "Transconductance [A/V]"]
+    end
+
+    eqs = Equation[
+        i2 ~ Gm * v1,
+        i1 ~ 0,
+    ]
+
+    sys = System(eqs, t, [], pars; name, systems = [])
+    return extend(sys, twoport)
+end
+
+"""
+    CCVS(; name, Rm = 1000.0)
+
+Current Controlled Voltage Source (SPICE H-element).
+
+A four-terminal device where the output voltage is proportional to the input current.
+The input port has zero impedance (no voltage drop across the sensing terminals).
+The controlling current is measured as current flowing from p1 to n1 (through the input port).
+
+# Parameters
+- `Rm`: [V/A or Ω] Transresistance (default: 1000.0 Ω = 1 kΩ)
+
+# Connectors
+- `p1` Positive input (sensing) terminal
+- `n1` Negative input (sensing) terminal
+- `p2` Positive output terminal
+- `n2` Negative output terminal
+
+# Equations
+```
+v2 = Rm × i_through  (where i_through = current from p1 to n1)
+v1 = 0  (zero input impedance)
+```
+
+# Example
+```julia
+@named ccvs = CCVS(Rm = 1000.0)  # Transresistance amplifier with Rm = 1 kΩ
+```
+"""
+@component function CCVS(; name, Rm = 1000.0)
+    @named twoport = TwoPort()
+    @unpack v1, v2, i1, i2 = twoport
+
+    pars = @parameters begin
+        Rm = Rm, [description = "Transresistance [V/A]"]
+    end
+
+    # Note: i1 = p1.i = current INTO p1. The controlling current is current
+    # flowing THROUGH the input port (from p1 to n1), which equals -i1.
+    eqs = Equation[
+        v2 ~ -Rm * i1,
+        v1 ~ 0,
+    ]
+
+    sys = System(eqs, t, [], pars; name, systems = [])
+    return extend(sys, twoport)
+end
+
+"""
+    CCCS(; name, α = 1.0)
+
+Current Controlled Current Source (SPICE F-element).
+
+A four-terminal device where the output current is proportional to the input current.
+The input port has zero impedance (no voltage drop across the sensing terminals).
+The controlling current is measured as current flowing from p1 to n1 (through the input port).
+
+# Parameters
+- `α`: [A/A] Current gain (default: 1.0). Can be negative for inverting behavior.
+
+# Connectors
+- `p1` Positive input (sensing) terminal
+- `n1` Negative input (sensing) terminal
+- `p2` Positive output terminal
+- `n2` Negative output terminal
+
+# Equations
+```
+i2 = α × i_through  (where i_through = current from p1 to n1)
+v1 = 0  (zero input impedance)
+```
+
+# Example
+```julia
+@named cccs = CCCS(α = 100.0)  # Current amplifier with gain 100
+```
+"""
+@component function CCCS(; name, α = 1.0)
+    @named twoport = TwoPort()
+    @unpack v1, v2, i1, i2 = twoport
+
+    pars = @parameters begin
+        α = α, [description = "Current gain [A/A]"]
+    end
+
+    # Note: i1 = p1.i = current INTO p1. The controlling current is current
+    # flowing THROUGH the input port (from p1 to n1), which equals -i1.
+    eqs = Equation[
+        i2 ~ -α * i1,
+        v1 ~ 0,
+    ]
+
+    sys = System(eqs, t, [], pars; name, systems = [])
+    return extend(sys, twoport)
+end

src/Electrical/Analog/linearized.jl

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+# Linearized Components: LinearizedDiode
+# Simplified linear models for small-signal analysis
+
+"""
+    LinearizedDiode(; name, Vd = 0.7, Rd = 10.0)
+
+Linearized diode model for simplified circuit analysis.
+
+A piecewise-linear diode model with a fixed forward voltage drop and dynamic
+resistance. When forward biased (v > Vd), the diode conducts with resistance Rd.
+When reverse biased, the diode blocks current.
+
+# Parameters
+- `Vd`: [V] Forward voltage drop (default: 0.7)
+- `Rd`: [Ω] Dynamic resistance when conducting (default: 10.0)
+
+# Connectors
+- `p` Positive terminal (anode)
+- `n` Negative terminal (cathode)
+
+# Equations
+```
+if v > Vd:
+    i = (v - Vd) / Rd    # Forward conducting
+else:
+    i = 0                 # Reverse blocking
+```
+
+# Behavior
+- Forward bias (v > Vd): Diode conducts, i = (v - Vd) / Rd
+- Reverse bias (v ≤ Vd): Diode blocks, i = 0
+
+# Example
+```julia
+@named diode = LinearizedDiode(Vd = 0.7, Rd = 10.0)
+```
+"""
+@component function LinearizedDiode(; name, Vd = 0.7, Rd = 10.0)
+    @named oneport = OnePort()
+    @unpack v, i = oneport
+
+    pars = @parameters begin
+        Vd = Vd, [description = "Forward voltage drop [V]"]
+        Rd = Rd, [description = "Dynamic resistance [Ω]"]
+    end
+
+    # Piecewise-linear behavior:
+    # Forward bias: i = (v - Vd) / Rd
+    # Reverse bias: i = 0
+    eqs = Equation[
+        i ~ IfElse.ifelse(v > Vd, (v - Vd) / Rd, 0.0),
+    ]
+
+    sys = System(eqs, t, [], pars; name, systems = [])
+    return extend(sys, oneport)
+end