Implement missing scalar functions + integration tests for all scalar functions

[slabko]

TODO

• Not scalar functions, per se, but this should also be fixed: the {ts ...} escape sequence generates DateTime values without fractional seconds, while other drivers generate timestamps with fractional seconds. For example,
  SELECT {ts '2024-01-15 10:00:00.500'} generates 2024-01-15 10:00:00.500 in the SQL Server ODBC Driver, but 2024-01-15 10:00:00 in the ClickHouse ODBC driver.
• If statement parsing fails, the system must forward the full, unmodified statement to ClickHouse. Execution errors are acceptable in this case, as preserving the original query in ClickHouse logs and error output is required for accurate debugging of queries generated by Power BI and other external tools, rather than attempting to infer or reconstruct the original query.

Notes on the implementation

1. The RAND function produces the same number if it is called multiple times within the same query. This limitation can be resolved, but it requires reworking the query parser in the ODBC driver. Additionally, the RAND function does not currently support a seed parameter.
2. The driver currently does not support the Time and Time64 data types. As a result, some functions do not work as expected:

• CURRENT_TIME and CURTIME return a datetime value (using now64()), which binds correctly to ODBC’s SQL_TIME_STRUCT, but can cause unexpected issues in SQL statements that rely on these functions returning only a time value.
• CONVERT does not work with the SQL_TIME parameter.

3. The WEEK function generally works, but it does not produce results consistent with other ODBC drivers. Specifically, it uses ClickHouse’s toISOWeek()
   function, which counts the first and last week of the year only if it has four or more days in that year. Because of this, the results are slightly different from what is expected (see the table below). This can be fixed; however, it would break many existing reports, so the current trade-off is to leave it as is.

Date	Expected	Actual
2018-01-01	1	1
2022-01-01	1	52
2023-01-01	1	52
2018-12-31	53	1
2023-12-31	53	52
2024-12-31	53	52

TODO

String

• ASCII( string_exp ) 
• BIT_LENGTH( string_exp ) 
• CHAR( code ) 
• CHAR_LENGTH( string_exp ) 
• CHARACTER_LENGTH( string_exp ) 
• CONCAT( string_exp1,string_exp2) 
• DIFFERENCE( string_exp1,string_exp2)
• INSERT( string_exp1, start, length, string_exp2) 
• LCASE( string_exp ) 
• LEFT( string_exp, count) 
• LENGTH( string_exp ) 
• LOCATE( string_exp1, string_exp2[, start]) 
• LTRIM( string_exp ) 
• OCTET_LENGTH( string_exp ) 
• POSITION( character_exp IN character_exp) 
• REPEAT( string_exp, count) 
• REPLACE( string_exp1, string_exp2, string_exp3) 
• RIGHT( string_exp, count) 
• RTRIM( string_exp ) 
• SOUNDEX( string_exp ) 
• SPACE( count ) 
• SUBSTRING( string_exp, start, length**)**
• UCASE( string_exp ) 

Numeric

• ABS( numeric_exp ) 
• ACOS( float_exp ) 
• ASIN( float_exp ) 
• ATAN( float_exp ) 
• ATAN2( float_exp1, float_exp2) 
• CEILING( numeric_exp ) 
• COS( float_exp ) 
• COT( float_exp ) 
• DEGREES( numeric_exp ) 
• EXP( float_exp ) 
• FLOOR( numeric_exp ) 
• LOG( float_exp ) 
• LOG10( float_exp ) 
• MOD( integer_exp1, integer_exp2) 
• PI( ) 
• POWER( numeric_exp, integer_exp) 
• RADIANS( numeric_exp ) 
• RAND([integer_exp]) 
• ROUND( numeric_exp, integer_exp) 
• SIGN( numeric_exp ) 
• SIN( float_exp ) 
• SQRT( float_exp ) 
• TAN( float_exp ) 
• TRUNCATE( numeric_exp, integer_exp) 

Date/Time

• CURRENT_DATE( ) 
• CURRENT_TIME[( time-precision )] 
• CURTIME( ) 
• CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [( timestamp-precision )] 
• CURDATE( ) 
• DAYNAME( date_exp ) 
• DAYOFMONTH( date_exp ) 
• DAYOFWEEK( date_exp ) 
• DAYOFYEAR( date_exp ) 
• EXTRACT( extract-field FROM extract-source ) 
• HOUR( time_exp ) 
• MINUTE( time_exp ) 
• MONTH( date_exp ) 
• MONTHNAME( date_exp ) 
• NOW( ) 
• QUARTER( date_exp ) 
• SECOND( time_exp ) 
• TIMESTAMPADD( interval, integer_exp, timestamp_exp ) 
• TIMESTAMPDIFF( interval, timestamp_exp1, timestamp_exp2 ) 
• WEEK( date_exp ) 
• YEAR( date_exp ) 

System

• DATABASE( ) 
• IFNULL( exp, value ) 
• USER( ) 

Conversion

• CONVERT( value, type )

[slabko]

There seem to be a problem in our staging Cloud environment, it mixes positions of haystack and needle. This should return 7, but it returns 0:

SELECT locate('World', 'Hello World')

However for this it returns 7, but should return 0 (according to the documentation and all other non-staging instances)

SELECT locate('Hello World', 'World')

UPDATE: It turns out that function_locate_has_mysql_compatible_argument_order is disabled on staging, so it behaves exactly as position does in terms of order of parameters.