After using rpi-update to upgrade from 6.12.59 to a higher version and rebooting, the USB attached SSD is not detected and can't be used. This happens with versions 6.12.60 through 6.12.62 (not tested with higher as not yet available at the time of writing) and on multiple Raspberry Pi 4Bs.
Restoration of a backup makes the USB attached SSD visible and usable again.